Make drawings happily
Saturday, April 11, 2015
Wednesday, April 8, 2015
Tuesday, April 7, 2015
अंजीर के फायदे
अंजीर एक स्वादिष्ट,
स्वास्थ्यवर्धक और बहुपयोगी
फल है। नाशपाती के आकार का
यह छोटा सा फल रसीला और
गूदेदार होता है। रंग में यह
हल्का पीला, गहरा सुनहरा या
गहरा बैगनी होता है। अंजीर के
सेवन से मन प्रसन्न रहता है।
यह स्वभाव कोमल बनाता है।
कमजोरी दूर करता है और
खांसी का नाश करता है।
अंजीर में कार्बोहाइड्रेट 63 प्रतिशत, प्रोटीन 5.5 प्रतिशत,
सेल्यूलोज 7.3 प्रतिशत, चिकनाई एक प्रतिशत, मिनरल
सोल्ट 3 प्रतिशत, एसिड 1.2 प्रतिशत, राख 2.3 प्रतिशत
और पानी 20.8 प्रतिशत होता है। इसके अलावा प्रति 100
ग्राम अंजीर में लगभग 1 ग्राम का चौथा भाग आयरन,
विटामिन, थोड़ी मात्रा में चूना, पोटैशियम, सोडियम, गंधक,
फास्फोरिक एसिड और गोंद भी पाया जाता है। आइए हम आप
को बताते है कि अंजीर के सेवन से क्या-क्या फायदे हो सकते
है।
अंजीर के फायदे
कब्ज- 3 से 4 पके अंजीर दूध में उबालकर रात को सोने से
पहले खाएं। और उसके बाद वही दूध पी लें। इससे कब्ज में
लाभ होता है या 4 अंजीर को रात को सोते समय पानी में
डालकर रख दें। सुबह थोड़ा सा मसलकर पानी पीने से कब्ज
दूर हो जाती है।
अस्थमा- अस्थमा जिसमें कफ (बलगम) निकलता हो उसमें
अंजीर खाना लाभकारी है। इससे कफ बाहर आ जाता है तथा
रोगी को जल्दी ही आराम भी मिलता है। 2 से 4 सूखे अंजीर
सुबह-शाम दूध में गर्म करके खाने से कफ की मात्रा घटती है,
शरीर में नई शक्ति आती है और अस्थमा का रोग मिटता है।
जुकाम- पानी में 5 अंजीर को डालकर उबाल लें और इस पानी
को छानकर गर्म-गर्म सुबह और शाम को पीने से जुकाम में
लाभ होता है।
ताकत को बढ़ाने वाला- सूखे अंजीर के टुकड़े और छिले हुए
बादाम को गर्म पानी में उबालें। इसे सुखाकर इसमें दानेदार
शक्कर, पिसी इलायची, केसर, चिरौंजी, पिस्ता और बादाम
बराबर मात्रा में मिलाकर 7 दिन तक गाय के घी में पड़ा रहने
दें। रोजाना सुबह 20 ग्राम तक सेवन करें। इससे आपकी
ताकत बढती है।
सिर का दर्द- सिरके या पानी में अंजीर के पेड़ की छाल की
भस्म बनाकर सिर पर लेप करने से सिर का दर्द ठीक हो
जाता है।
बवासीर- 3-4 सूखे अंजीर को शाम के समय पानी में डालकर
रख दें। सुबह अंजीरों को मसलकर प्रतिदिन सुबह खाली पेट
खाने से बवासीर दूर होती है।
कमर दर्द- अंजीर की छाल, सोंठ, धनियां सब बराबर लें और
कूटकर रात को पानी में भिगो दें। सुबह इसके बचे रस को
छानकर पिला दें। इससे कमर दर्द में लाभ होता है।
रक्तवृद्धि और रक्तविकार दूर- 10 मुनक्के और 8 अंजीर
200 मिलीलीटर दूध में उबालकर खा लें। और उसी दूध को पी
लें। इससे रक्त में वृद्धि और रक्त सम्बन्धी विकार दूर हो
जाते है। दो अंजीर को बीच से आधा काटकर एक गिलास पानी
में रात भर के लिए भिगो दें सुबह उसका पानी पीने से और
अंजीर खाने से रक्त संचार बढ़ता है।
हड्डियों को मजबूत- अंजीर में कैल्शियम बहुत होता है, जो
हड्डियों को मजबूत करने में सहायक होता है।
हाइपरटेंशन की समस्या- कम पोटैशियम और अधिक सोडियम
लेवल के कारण हाइपरटेंशन की समस्या पैदा हो जाती है।
अंजीर में पोटैशियम ज्यादा होता है और सोडियम कम होता है
इसलिए यह हाइपरटेंशन की समस्या होने से बचाता है।
इन सब उपायों से आप जान गए होंगे कि एक छोटे से फल के
कितने सारे गुण होते है।
Monday, April 6, 2015
Matter in our surroundings
∆ Matter in our surroundings notes
Everything in the universe is made up of a material that scientist have named matter. The air we breath , the food we eat, even a small drop of water or a particle of sand- everything is matter . Only indian philosophers classified matter in the form of the five basic elements the pancha tattva air water earth sky fire . Modern day scientist award to type of classification of matter on the basis of physical properties and chemical nature.
∆Physical nature of matter
Matter is made up of particles and the particles of matter are so small that they are beyond our imagination.
∆Characteristics of particles of matter..
1 particles of matter have spaces between them.
2 particles of matter are continuously moving.
3 particles of matter attract each other.
∆ States of matter.
1. Solid state:- solid have tendency to maintain their shape when subjected to outside force .solid never break, never break under high force but it is difficult to change the shape because they are rigid..
2. Liquid state:- liquids have no shape they have no fixed volume that is they take shape of a container liquids are fluids they change the shape and there are not rigid they are fluid..
3. Gaseous state:- there is no shape, no fixed volume they never take shape of a container they are different from all the states of matter they are not rigid ...
The Fundamental unit of life.....
Question 1:
Who discovered cells and how?
Answer:
Cells were discovered in 1665 by an English Botanist,
Robert Hooke. He used a primitive microscope to observe
cells in a cork slice.
Question 2:
Why is the cell called the structural and functional unit of
life?
Answer:
Cells constitute various components of plants and
animals. A cell is the smallest unit of life and is capable
of all living functions. Cells are the building blocks of life.
This is the reason why cells are referred to as the basic
structural and functional units of life. All cells vary in their
shape, size, and activity they perform. In fact, the
shape and size of the cell is related to the specific
functions they perform.
–
Question 1:
How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of
the cell? Discuss.
Answer:
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and regulates
themovement of substances in and out of the
cell. Movement of CO2:
CO2 is produced during cellular respiration. Therefore, it is
present in high concentrations inside the cell. This CO2
must be excreted out of the cell. In the cell’s external
environment, the concentration of CO2 is low as
compared to that inside the cell. Therefore, according to
the principle of diffusion, CO2 moves from a region
of higher concentration (inside the cell) towards a region
of lower concentration (outside the cell). Similarly, O2
enters the cell by the process of diffusion when
the concentration of O2 inside the cell is low as
compared to its surroundings.
Movement of water:
Water moves from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration through the plasma
membrane. The plasma membrane acts as a semi-
permeable membrane, and this movement of water is
known as osmosis. However, the movement of water
across the plasma membrane of the cell is affected by
the amount of substance dissolved in water.
Question 2:
Why is the plasma membrane called a selectively
permeable membrane?
Answer:
Thecell membraneor the plasma membraneis known as a
selectively permeable membrane because it regulates the
movement of substances in and out of the cell. This
means that the plasma membrane allows the entry of only
some substances and prevents the movement of some
other materials.
–
Question 1:
Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating
differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
–
Question 1:
Can you name the two organelles we have studied that
contain their own genetic material?
Answer:
Mitochondriaandplastids are the two organelles that
contain their own genetic material. Both these organelles
have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Question 2:
If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some
physical or chemical influence,
what will happen?
Answer:
Cell is the smallest unit of life, which is capable of all
living functions. If the organisation of a cell is destroyed
due to some physical or chemical influence, then the
ability of the cell to perform all living functions such as
respiration, nutrition, excretion, etc. would be affected.
Question 3:
Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags?
Answer:
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicular structures that
contain powerful digestive enzymes. These enzymes are
capable of breaking down any foreign food particle
or microbes entering the cell. Sometimes, lysosomes can
cause self-destruction of a cell by releasing these
digestive enzymes within the cells. Hence, they are also
known as ‘suicidal bags’.
Question 4:
Where are proteins synthesized inside the cell?
Answer:
Ribosomesare the site for protein synthesis. Ribosomes
are very small structures found either in a free state,
suspended in the cytoplasm, or attached to the surface of
the endoplasmic reticulum. They are composed of
ribonucleic acids and proteins.
–
Question 1:
Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant
cells are different from animal cells.
Answer:
Question 2:
How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?
Answer:
Question 3:
What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or
breaks down?
Answer:
If the plasma membrane of a cell is ruptured, then the cell
will die. The plasma membrane regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell by diffusion or osmosis.
Thus, if the plasma membrane is ruptured, then the cell
might leak out its contents.
Question 4:
What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no
Golgi apparatus?
Answer:
If there was no Golgi apparatus in the cell, then most
activities performed by the Golgi apparatus will not take
place.
(i) Membranes of the Golgi apparatus are often connected
to ER membranes. It collects simpler molecules and
combines them to make more complex molecules. These
are then packaged in small vesicles and are either stored
in the cell or sent out as per the requirement. Thus, if the
Golgi apparatus is absent in the cell, then the above
process of storage, modification, and packaging of
products will not be possible.
(ii) The formation of complex sugars from simple sugars
will not be possible as this takes place with the help of
enzymes present in Golgi bodies.
(iii) The Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of
lysosomes or peroxisomes. Thus, if the Golgi body is
absent in a cell, the synthesis of lysosomes or
peroxisomes will not be possible in the cell.
Question 5:
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Why?
Answer:
Mitochondriaare known as the powerhouse of cells.
Mitochondria create energy for the cell, and this process
of creating energy for the cell is known as
cellular respiration. Most chemical reactions involved in
cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria. The energy
required for various chemical activities needed for life
is released by the mitochondria in the form of ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate) molecules. For this reason,
mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of cells.
Question 6:
Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell
membrane get synthesized?
Answer:
Lipids and proteinsconstituting the cell membrane are
synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
SER (Smooth endoplasmic reticulum) helps in the
manufacturing of lipids.
RER (Rough endoplasmic reticulum) has particles attached
to its surface, called ribosomes. These ribosomes are the
site for protein synthesis.
Question 7:
How does an Amoeba obtain its food?
Answer:
Amoebaobtains its food through the process of
endocytosis. The flexibility of the cell membrane enables
the cell to engulf the solid particles of food and other
materials from its external environment.
Question 8:
What is osmosis?
Answer:
The movement of water molecules from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration through a
selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. It is a
special case of diffusion, where the medium is water.
For example, if the medium surrounding the cell has a
higher water concentration than the cell i.e., if the
solution is a dilute solution, then the cell will gain water
by osmosis.
Movement of water inside the cell
Question 9:
Carry out the following osmosis experiment: Take four
peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make
potato cups. One of these potato cups should be made
from a boiled potato. Put each potato cup in a trough
containing water. Now,
(a) Keep cup A empty
(b) Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B
(c) Put one teaspoon salt in cup C
(d) Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D.
Keep these for two hours. Then observe the four potato
cups and answer the following:
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B
and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out
portions of A and D.
Answer Discussion
Experimental set up
(i) Water gathers in the hollowed portions of set-up B and
C because water enters the potato as a result of osmosis.
Since the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water
concentration than the cell, the water moves inside by
osmosis. Hence, water gathers in the hollowed portions of
the potato cup.
(ii) Potato A in the experiment acts as a control set-up.
No water gathers in the hollowed portions of potato A.
(iii) Water does not gather in the hollowed portions of
potato A because potato cup A is empty. It is a control
set-up in the experiment. Water is not able to enter potato
D because the potato used here is boiled.
Boiling denatures the proteins present in the cell
membrane and thus, disrupts the cell membrane. For
osmosis, a semi-permeable membrane is required, which
is disrupted in this case. Therefore, osmosis will not
occur. Hence, water does not enter the boiled potato cup.
Get more information on schools.aglasem.com/1757
Who discovered cells and how?
Answer:
Cells were discovered in 1665 by an English Botanist,
Robert Hooke. He used a primitive microscope to observe
cells in a cork slice.
Question 2:
Why is the cell called the structural and functional unit of
life?
Answer:
Cells constitute various components of plants and
animals. A cell is the smallest unit of life and is capable
of all living functions. Cells are the building blocks of life.
This is the reason why cells are referred to as the basic
structural and functional units of life. All cells vary in their
shape, size, and activity they perform. In fact, the
shape and size of the cell is related to the specific
functions they perform.
–
Question 1:
How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of
the cell? Discuss.
Answer:
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and regulates
themovement of substances in and out of the
cell. Movement of CO2:
CO2 is produced during cellular respiration. Therefore, it is
present in high concentrations inside the cell. This CO2
must be excreted out of the cell. In the cell’s external
environment, the concentration of CO2 is low as
compared to that inside the cell. Therefore, according to
the principle of diffusion, CO2 moves from a region
of higher concentration (inside the cell) towards a region
of lower concentration (outside the cell). Similarly, O2
enters the cell by the process of diffusion when
the concentration of O2 inside the cell is low as
compared to its surroundings.
Movement of water:
Water moves from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration through the plasma
membrane. The plasma membrane acts as a semi-
permeable membrane, and this movement of water is
known as osmosis. However, the movement of water
across the plasma membrane of the cell is affected by
the amount of substance dissolved in water.
Question 2:
Why is the plasma membrane called a selectively
permeable membrane?
Answer:
Thecell membraneor the plasma membraneis known as a
selectively permeable membrane because it regulates the
movement of substances in and out of the cell. This
means that the plasma membrane allows the entry of only
some substances and prevents the movement of some
other materials.
–
Question 1:
Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating
differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
–
Question 1:
Can you name the two organelles we have studied that
contain their own genetic material?
Answer:
Mitochondriaandplastids are the two organelles that
contain their own genetic material. Both these organelles
have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Question 2:
If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some
physical or chemical influence,
what will happen?
Answer:
Cell is the smallest unit of life, which is capable of all
living functions. If the organisation of a cell is destroyed
due to some physical or chemical influence, then the
ability of the cell to perform all living functions such as
respiration, nutrition, excretion, etc. would be affected.
Question 3:
Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags?
Answer:
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicular structures that
contain powerful digestive enzymes. These enzymes are
capable of breaking down any foreign food particle
or microbes entering the cell. Sometimes, lysosomes can
cause self-destruction of a cell by releasing these
digestive enzymes within the cells. Hence, they are also
known as ‘suicidal bags’.
Question 4:
Where are proteins synthesized inside the cell?
Answer:
Ribosomesare the site for protein synthesis. Ribosomes
are very small structures found either in a free state,
suspended in the cytoplasm, or attached to the surface of
the endoplasmic reticulum. They are composed of
ribonucleic acids and proteins.
–
Question 1:
Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant
cells are different from animal cells.
Answer:
Question 2:
How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?
Answer:
Question 3:
What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or
breaks down?
Answer:
If the plasma membrane of a cell is ruptured, then the cell
will die. The plasma membrane regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell by diffusion or osmosis.
Thus, if the plasma membrane is ruptured, then the cell
might leak out its contents.
Question 4:
What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no
Golgi apparatus?
Answer:
If there was no Golgi apparatus in the cell, then most
activities performed by the Golgi apparatus will not take
place.
(i) Membranes of the Golgi apparatus are often connected
to ER membranes. It collects simpler molecules and
combines them to make more complex molecules. These
are then packaged in small vesicles and are either stored
in the cell or sent out as per the requirement. Thus, if the
Golgi apparatus is absent in the cell, then the above
process of storage, modification, and packaging of
products will not be possible.
(ii) The formation of complex sugars from simple sugars
will not be possible as this takes place with the help of
enzymes present in Golgi bodies.
(iii) The Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of
lysosomes or peroxisomes. Thus, if the Golgi body is
absent in a cell, the synthesis of lysosomes or
peroxisomes will not be possible in the cell.
Question 5:
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Why?
Answer:
Mitochondriaare known as the powerhouse of cells.
Mitochondria create energy for the cell, and this process
of creating energy for the cell is known as
cellular respiration. Most chemical reactions involved in
cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria. The energy
required for various chemical activities needed for life
is released by the mitochondria in the form of ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate) molecules. For this reason,
mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of cells.
Question 6:
Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell
membrane get synthesized?
Answer:
Lipids and proteinsconstituting the cell membrane are
synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
SER (Smooth endoplasmic reticulum) helps in the
manufacturing of lipids.
RER (Rough endoplasmic reticulum) has particles attached
to its surface, called ribosomes. These ribosomes are the
site for protein synthesis.
Question 7:
How does an Amoeba obtain its food?
Answer:
Amoebaobtains its food through the process of
endocytosis. The flexibility of the cell membrane enables
the cell to engulf the solid particles of food and other
materials from its external environment.
Question 8:
What is osmosis?
Answer:
The movement of water molecules from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration through a
selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. It is a
special case of diffusion, where the medium is water.
For example, if the medium surrounding the cell has a
higher water concentration than the cell i.e., if the
solution is a dilute solution, then the cell will gain water
by osmosis.
Movement of water inside the cell
Question 9:
Carry out the following osmosis experiment: Take four
peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make
potato cups. One of these potato cups should be made
from a boiled potato. Put each potato cup in a trough
containing water. Now,
(a) Keep cup A empty
(b) Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B
(c) Put one teaspoon salt in cup C
(d) Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D.
Keep these for two hours. Then observe the four potato
cups and answer the following:
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B
and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out
portions of A and D.
Answer Discussion
Experimental set up
(i) Water gathers in the hollowed portions of set-up B and
C because water enters the potato as a result of osmosis.
Since the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water
concentration than the cell, the water moves inside by
osmosis. Hence, water gathers in the hollowed portions of
the potato cup.
(ii) Potato A in the experiment acts as a control set-up.
No water gathers in the hollowed portions of potato A.
(iii) Water does not gather in the hollowed portions of
potato A because potato cup A is empty. It is a control
set-up in the experiment. Water is not able to enter potato
D because the potato used here is boiled.
Boiling denatures the proteins present in the cell
membrane and thus, disrupts the cell membrane. For
osmosis, a semi-permeable membrane is required, which
is disrupted in this case. Therefore, osmosis will not
occur. Hence, water does not enter the boiled potato cup.
Get more information on schools.aglasem.com/1757
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